Post-modernity as a condition ascribes to more rapid transportation, wider communication and the ability to abandon standardisation of mass production, leading to a system which values a wider range of capital than previously, and allows value to be stored in a greater variety of forms. Variously described as consumerism or, in a Marxian framework, late capitalism, namely, a context where manufacturing, distribution and dissemination have become exceptionally inexpensive, but social connection and community have become more expensive. These include the ubiquity of mass media and mass production, the unification into national economies of all aspects of production, the rise of global economic arrangements, and shift from manufacturing to service economies. Postmodernism is different from post-modernity which can be said to focus on the conditions of life which became increasingly prevalent in the late 20th century in the most industrialised nations. Most prominently this includes Jurgen Habermas and others who contend that post-modernity represents a resurgence of long running counter-enlightenment ideas. Many philosophers, particularly those seeing themselves as being within the modern project, use post-modernity with the reverse implication: the presumed results of holding postmodernist ideas.
Postmodernism may be taken to refer to movements, philosophies or responses to the state of post-modernity, or in reaction to modernism. It is hard to locate it temporally or historically, because it is not clear exactly at what point postmodernism emerges.
Postmodernism is hard to define, because it is a concept that appears in a wide variety of disciplines or areas of study, including art, architecture, music, film, literature, sociology, communications, fashion, and technology. Postmodernism is a complicated term, or a set of ideas, it is one that has only emerged as an area of academic study since the mid-1980s.
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